Part Four IV › Division II II › Section 421 421

The Structures and Functions of the Human Body

Subject Outline

AThe structures and functions of the cardiovascular system
- 1The heart
- 2The blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries
- 3Human blood
  - aComponents of blood: plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)
  - bBlood groups
  - cBleeding and blood clotting
- 4Blood circulation: the central pump, the systemic circulation, the pulmonary circulation
BThe structures and functions of the lymphatic system: lymphocytes, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and the lymph
CThe structures and functions of the respiratory system
- 1The upper portion of the respiratory tract: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea
- 2The lungs and bronchi
- 3The regulation, control, and dynamics of breathing
DThe structures and functions of the digestive system
- 1Structure of the components of the digestive tract
  - aMouth and related structures
  - bPharynx and esophagus
  - cStomach
  - dThe small intestine and the small bowel mucosa
  - eLarge intestine, rectum, and anus
  - fAssociated glands and structures: pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts
- 2The digestive process
EThe structures and functions of the endocrine system
- 1The glands and tissues making up the system and their secretions
  - aThe thyroid
  - bThe adrenal glands
  - cThe pituitary
  - dHypothalamus
  - ePancreatic islets
  - fParathyroid glands
  - gGastrointestinal mucosa
  - hThymus, pineal gland, kidneys, and other possible endocrine organs or hormones
- 2The effects of the endocrine system upon reproductive processes [see also F., below]
  - aGlands affected by endocrine secretions: the testes, the ovaries, the placenta
  - bFemale processes under endocrine control: the menstrual cycle, gestation, parturition, the secretion of milk, and the termination of menstrual life
FThe structures and functions of the reproductive system
- 1The male reproductive system
- 2The female reproductive system
GThe structures and functions of the excretory system
- 1The structures: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- 2The excretory process
HThe structures and functions of the supportive-protective system
- 1The composition and properties of bone
- 2The connective tissues
- 3The joints
- 4The bursae
- 5The sinuses
- 6The muscular system
- 7The structure and properties of muscle
  - aStriated, skeletal, or voluntary muscle
  - bNonstriated, smooth, or involuntary muscle
  - cCardiac muscle
  - dThe contraction of muscle fibres [see 323.D.]
- 8The integument and derivatives: skin, hair, and nails
IThe body cavities and their membranes: the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity
JThe structure and functions of the nervous system
- 1The central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord, the cerebrospinal fluid
- 2The peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and that part of the autonomic system that is outside the brain and spinal cord
- 3The autonomic nervous system: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
- 4The eye and the process of vision
- 5The ear and the process of audition
- 6Other sensory receptors
  - aCutaneous (skin) senses: touch, heat, cold, and pain
  - bKinesthetic (motion) sense
  - cVestibular sense (equilibrium): acceleration, rotation, orientation, and balance
  - dTaste (gustatory) sense
  - eSmell (olfactory) sense
KThe composition and properties of body fluids and tissues [see 332.D.]