Part Three III › Division III III › Section 334 334

Covering and Support: Integumentary, Skeletal, and Musculatory Systems

Subject Outline

AThe body covering
- 1General features of the body covering, of integument: comparisons among unicellular organisms, plants, and animals
- 2Invertebrate integuments: organization and function
  - aCellular components and their derivatives
  - bNoncellular coatings of the integument
- 3Vertebrate integuments: cellular components and their derivatives
  - aSkin layers: the epidermis, the dermis
  - bSkin derivatives and appendages: skin glands and pigment; epidermal scales; claws, nails, and hoofs; horns and antlers; feathers and hair; dermal derivatives
- 4Skin variations among vertebrates
- 5Embryology and evolution of the vertebrate skin
- 6The biodynamics of vertebrate skin
- 7Human integument and derivatives: skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
BThe body skeleton
- 1The roles of the body skeleton
- 2Description and composition of the skeletal elements
  - aCuticular structures: bone, crystals, cuticle, ossicles, spicules
  - bSemirigid structures: flexible cuticular structures, calcareous spicules that are not tightly packed, keratin, notochord, cartilage
  - cOther elements: connective tissue, the hydrostatic skeleton, elastic structures, buoyancy devices
- 3The invertebrate skeleton: organization and function
- 4The vertebrate skeleton: structure and function
  - aGeneral features
  - bEmbryology of vertebrate skeletons
  - cVertebral column and thoracic skeleton
  - dAppendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
- 5Joints in vertebrates and invertebrates permitting various types of movement
- 6Properties of bone and its development
- 7The human skeletal system
CThe body musculature
- 1General features of muscle tissue: its role in movement, support, colour changes, temperature regulation, and discharge of certain glands; arrangement and gross function
- 2Muscle contractile systems
  - aSimple contractile systems: simple contractile fibrils and epithelio-muscular cells
  - bComplex contractile tissues: striated muscle, smooth muscle
- 3Muscle contraction [see 323.D.]
- 4Invertebrate muscle systems
- 5Vertebrate muscle systems
  - aEmbryonic development and divisions of the muscular system
  - bEvolution of the vertebrate musculatory system
  - cFunction and regulation of muscle action
  - dElectric organs in certain fishes