Part Three III › Division III III › Section 336 336

Gas Exchange, Internal Transport, and Elimination

Subject Outline

ARespiration and respiratory systems
- 1The process of extracting oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
- 2Gases in the environment: the range of respiratory problems faced by aquatic and terrestrial animals
- 3Basic types of respiratory structures
  - aRespiratory organs of invertebrates: tracheae and gills
  - bRespiratory organs of vertebrates: gills and lungs
- 4Dynamics of respiratory mechanisms
- 5The control of respiration: neural reflexes, muscular feedback, chemically sensitive controls
- 6Adaptation to special environmental conditions
- 7The human respiratory system [see 421.C.]
BCirculation and circulatory systems
- 1Circulation and transport patterns: general aspects common to all circulatory systems
  - aCirculation in single cells: streaming movements within the protoplasm
  - bCirculation in multicellular animals
- 2The fluid media involved in circulation: blood and lymph
  - aEvolutionary origins of circulating fluids
  - bPlasma
  - cFormed elements of the circulating fluid: red cells, white cells, platelets, thrombocytes
  - dLymphocytes and lymph in vertebrates
- 3Transport systems in animals
  - aInvertebrate circulatory systems
  - bVertebrate circulatory systems
  - cCoronary circulation
  - dEmbryonic development of the circulatory system
  - eBiodynamics of vertebrate circulation
  - fThe human cardiovascular system [see 421.A.]
- 4Plant internal transport
CElimination: the disposal of wastes
- 1General features of elimination
- 2Excretion and excretory systems
  - aExcretory mechanisms
  - bInvertebrate excretory systems
  - cVertebrate excretory systems
  - dThe evolution of the vertebrate excretory system