Part Three III › Division III III › Section 337 337

Reproduction and Sex

Subject Outline

AThe forms of reproduction and their comparative adaptive significance
- 1Levels of reproduction
  - aMolecular replication and reproduction
  - bCell reproduction: binary and multiple fission
  - cReproduction of organisms [see A.2., below]
  - dLife cycles of plants and animals
- 2Reproduction of organisms: sexual and asexual reproduction
- 3Natural selection and reproduction: the evolution of reproduction and variation control [see also 312.C.]
BSex and sexuality
- 1The distinctions between sex, sexuality, and reproduction
- 2Transduction and transformation as sexlike recombination in viruses and bacteria
- 3The adaptive significance of sex: establishment of genetic diversity
- 4The origin of sex and sexuality
- 5Sex patterns
- 6Determination of the sex of individuals
  - aThe sex chromosomes
  - bAbnormal chromosome effects
  - cThe effect of parthenogenetic development
  - dEnvironmental and hormonal influences
CThe reproductive system in plants: its organization and function
- 1General features: asexual systems that create new plants identical to the parent plant, sexual systems that create new plants different from either of the two parents
- 2The sex organs of bryophytes
  - aIn liverworts and hornworts
  - bIn mosses
- 3The variations of sex organs in tracheophytes
  - aIn spore plants
  - bIn seed plants
- 4Variations in reproductive cycles: apogamy and apospory (apparent secondary loss of capacity for sexual reproduction)
- 5The physiology of reproduction: the influence of internal and environmental factors on the maturation of sporophytes and gametophytes as manifested by their ability to produce spores and gametes
DThe reproductive system in animals: its organization and function
- 1General features
- 2Reproductive systems of invertebrates
  - aGonads, associated structures, and products in monoecious and dioecious types
  - bMechanisms that aid in the union of gametes
  - cSpecializations associated with parthenogenesis
  - dProvisions for the developing embryo [see 338.D.2.b.]
- 3Reproductive systems of vertebrates
  - aGonads, associated structures, and products
  - bAdaptations for internal fertilization; e.g., the cloaca, intromittent (copulatory) organs, accessory structures
  - cRole of gonads in hormone cycles
  - dProvision for the developing embryo [see 338.D.2.b.]