Development: Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis

Subject Outline

AThe nature and scope of biological development
BThe constituent processes of development and their control
- 1Growth
- 2Morphogenesis
- 3Differentiation
- 4Control and integration of development
CDevelopment of plants
- 1General features: types of life cycles, alternation of generations as independent phases of the life cycle
- 2Preparatory events
  - aFormation of sex cells
  - bPollination
  - cFertilization
- 3Early development: from fertilized egg (zygote) to seedling
  - aEmbryo formation
  - bIndependent dormant stages and germination of the seeds and fruits of higher plants, dispersal
- 4Later development: the sporophyte plant body
DDevelopment of animals
- 1Preparatory events: the egg and its activation by normal fertilization or by parthenogenesis
- 2Early development
  - aEmbryo formation: cleavage, gastrulation
  - bEmbryonic adaptations for the maintenance of the developing embryo: shell, yolk stores, membranous sacs, placenta
- 3Organ formation
- 4Postembryonic development: transformation of the newborn into the adult
EAging and decline in animals: life span, death [for aging in humans, see 422.A.]
- 1Senescence in mammals
- 2Causes of aging
- 3The duration of life
FSpecialized patterns of development
- 1Biological regeneration
- 2The healing processes and scar tissue formation
- 3Biological malformation
- 4Twinning: multiple births
- 5Development in vitro: cell and tissue cultures