Outline Outline › Part Seven 7 › Division II II › Section 723 723

Technology of Measurement, Observation, and Control

Subject Outline

ATheory of measurement [see 10/31.B.3.b.]
BUnits and standards of measurement
- 1Systems of weights and measures: standards for the measurement of mass and length
- 2Standards and techniques for measurement of time
CPrinciples and processes by which instruments of measurement operate
DCommon types of measuring instruments
- 1Instruments for measuring basic dimensions
  - aDevices for measuring length: rules, calipers, micrometers
  - bDevices for measuring mass and weight: scales, balances
  - cDevices for measuring time: mechanical, electric, and atomic clocks
  - dDevices for measuring temperature: gas, liquid, and electrical resistance thermometers
  - eDevices for measuring electric current and other electrical properties: galvanometers, ammeters, voltmeters
  - fDevices for measuring light intensity: photometers, light meters, exposure meters
- 2Instruments for measuring physical properties and relationships derived from basic dimensions
  - aInstruments for measuring pressure: barometers, manometers
  - bInstruments for measuring rate of flow: flowmeters, water meters, gas meters
  - cInstruments for measuring position by angulation and direction finding
    - iCompasses: magnetic compasses, gyrocompasses
    - iiSurveying instruments: levels, transits, sextants
  - dInstruments for measuring gravity: gravimeters
  - eInstruments for making optical measurements: polarimeters, refractometers
  - fInstruments for measuring ionizing radiation: Geiger counters, scintillation counters
  - gInstruments for measuring volumetric and mechanical properties of materials, including density, viscosity, and mechanical strength
EInstruments used for observing and recording
- 1Instruments for observing phenomena
  - aMicroscopes: optical, electron, acoustic, and scanning tunneling microscopes
  - bTelescopes: optical, radio, and other types (e.g infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray systems)
  - cSpectroscopes and spectrographs
  - dInterferometers
- 2Instruments for recording phenomena: cameras [see also 735 G.]
FSpecial instruments and apparatus used in scientific research
- 1General laboratory equipment: filters, mixers, centrifuges
- 2Research reactors
- 3Particle accelerators; e.g., Cockcroft-Walton generators, Van de Graaff generators; linear resonance accelerators, betatrons, cyclotrons, synchrotrons, colliding-beam storage rings
- 4Mass spectrometers
- 5Chromatographs
- 6Seismographs [see also 213.B.6.]
- 7Particle detectors: bubble chambers, scintillation counters
GMajor systems of measurement and observation
- 1Surveying [see also D.2.c.ii., above, and 733.A.2.]
- 2Mapping and cartography
- 3Hydrographic charting
- 4Oceanographic measurement [see also 222.B., E., F., G., and H. and 738.B.]
- 5Meteorological measurement [see also 221 and 223]
- 6Astronomical observations
- 7Navigational techniques and devices
- 8Radiological techniques and devices
HInstrumentation and control systems
- 1Instrumentation systems: systems that operate or actuate control devices or record measurements automatically
- 2Control systems