Part Nine IX › Division VI VI › Section 96/11 96/11

Southwest Asia and North Africa (c. 1800-1920), and Sub-Saharan Africa (1885-c. 1920)

Subject Outline

AThe Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1920: European intervention and the continuation of westernization
- 1The empire under Mahmud II: internal reforms and centralization, the Greek revolt (1821-32), the Egyptian revolt (1831-41), Russian intrusions in Turkey
- 2Reaction, revolt, and further disintegration until World War I
  - aThe era of the Tanzimat reforms (1839-76)
  - bCrisis of 1875-78 and the loss of Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and most of Bulgaria; the constitution of 1876
  - cThe growth of Turkish nationalism in the reign of Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) and dissolution of the empire, domination by Germany in World War I
BEgypt, the Maghrib, and the Arabian Peninsula: the development of Arab nationalism and Zionism
- 1The emergence of modem Egypt (1798-1922)
  - aEgypt under French (1798-1801) and British (1801-03) occupation, centralized administration of Muhammad 'All and his successors (1805-82), construction of Suez Canal (1858-69), European financial and military intervention
  - bEgypt under British rule (1882-1922): reforms by Baring's (later 1st Earl Cromer) administration (1883-1907), revival of nationalism, World War I and independence (1922)
- 2The Maghrib from 1830 to c. 1930: European penetration into Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Morocco
  - aAlgeria from 1830 to 1920: the French conquest (1830-71) and colonial settlements, national resistance movement under Abdelkader, suppression of the Muslim population
  - bTunisia from 1830 to c. 1930: French influence to. 1881 and status as a French protectorate from 1881
  - cMorocco from 1830 to 1920: growth of French, Spanish, and British influence and decline of the traditional government; establishment of French and Spanish zones and protectorates (1912)
  - dLibya (Tripolitania and Cyrenaica) from c. 1834 to 1920: subjection to direct Turkish rule (1835), growth of Italian influence resulting in conquest (1911-12)
- 3Arab nationalism from c. 1850 to 1920, emergence of Zionism as a factor in Middle Eastern affairs
  - aOrigins, growth, and early accomplishments of Arab nationalism; British encouragement in World War I; the postwar settlement
  - bOrigins of the Zionist movement and Jewish immigration to Palestine after 1880, World War I developments and the beginning of conflict between Zionists and Arab nationalists
CIran under the Qajar dynasty from 1779 to 1925, Afghanistan from 1809 to 1921
- 1Iran: the reign of Agha Mohammad Khan and the subsequent European penetration of Iran by the British and Russians, overthrow of the Qajar dynasty (1925)
- 2Afghanistan: the Barakzay dynasty, conflicts with the British government of India, British recognition of Afghan independence (1921)
DSub-Saharan Africa from c. 1885 to c. 1920
- 1The decline in the slave trade; European commercial, missionary, and exploratory activities in the 19th century; the imperialistic scramble for African colonies; the Berlin West Africa Conference (1884-85) and the European partition of Africa
- 2The establishment of European colonies in West Africa in the late 19th century
  - aFrench, British, and German rivalry: takeover of the Gold Coast, Senegal, Togo, the Cameroons, Dahomey, and the Ivory Coast
  - bProblems in establishing effective colonial regimes: military problems, control of the territories, reliance on Africans and development of indirect rule
- 3Northeast Africa: foreign influences and national movements
  - aThe Mahdist movement in the Sudan (1881-98) and the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium from 1899
  - bThe consolidation of central governmental power in Ethiopia: Tewodros II (1855-68), Yohannes IV (1872-89), and Menilek II (1889-1913); struggles against Egypt, the Sudan, and Italy
- 4East Africa and Madagascar: German, British, French, and Italian conquests and establishment of colonies; relations with indigenous peoples
- 5European penetration into Central Africa during the 19th century and establishment of permanent colonies
  - aBritish explorations under Livingstone and Stanley: attempts to explore the interior
  - bKing Leopold II's colonial enterprise in the Congo: establishment of the Belgian Congo (Congo Free State) and Belgium's Congo policies until World War I
  - cThe French colonies and colonial administration until World War II