Part Nine IX › Division VI VI › Section 96/10 96/10

China from 1839 Until the Onset of Revolution (to c. 1911), and Japan from the Meiji

Subject Outline

AChina under the late Ch'ing: the challenges of rebellion and Western penetration
- 1The Western challenge (1839-60) and the collapse of the tributary system: rebellion and the reestablishment of the Ch'ing government
  - aProblems created by the opium trade: British demands for trade advantages and diplomatic parity culminating in the Opium War (1839-42)
    - iThe Opium War and its aftermath: granting of commercial privileges to Western powers
    - iiReactions to foreign trade gains: antifo reign movements concentrated at Canton
  - bPopular uprisings of the Taiping and Nien and rebellions in western China, the effects of the rebellions
- 2Contending forces of westernization and Chinese tradition from c. 1850
  - aThe "self-strengthening" movement: its effect on foreign relations and on domestic life
    - iWestern attempts at treaty revision and the chilling of Sino-Russian relations, hostility toward Christian missionaries
    - iiIndustrialization for self-strengthening: mining and the Weapons industry, malpractice and corruption in business
  - bIncreasing foreign encroachments (1870-95): loss of Central Asian territories, problems resulting from Chinese hesitancy to engage in regular diplomatic relations, Korea and the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
  - cThe reform movement of K'ang Yu-wei, the conservative reaction, and the Boxer Rebellion (1900) as expressions of anti-foreign feelings: Western seizure of Peking (1900) and further Ch'ing concessions, U.S. Open Door policy
  - dReformist and revolutionist movements at the end of the dynasty: Ch'ing reforms after 1901, the Republican movement and the 1911 Revolution
    - iSun Yat-sen and the United League: constitutional movements after 1905
    - iiPeasant uprisings and the 1911 Revolution
BThe modernization of Japan and its emergence as a world power (1868 --c. 1910)
- 1The Meiji Restoration and the process of modernization
  - aThe fall of the Tokugawa, leadership and initial policies of the new government, samurai opposition and government countermeasures
  - bBeginning of Japanese modernization: abolition of feudalism; fiscal and economic policies; growth of zaibatsu (cartels); development of national loyalties; religious, educational, and cultural policies
  - cPolitics in Meiji Japan: creation of political parties, oligarchic control and gradual development of representative institutions