Part Nine IX › Division VI VI › Section 966 966

Development of the Latin-American and Caribbean Nations to c. 1920

Subject Outline

AThe Latin-American independence movement (1790-1825)
- 1Background of the Latin-American wars of independence
  - aDiscontent among Indians, Creoles, and mestizos: the influence of the Enlightenment, the U.S. War of Independence, and the French Revolution
  - bInfluence of Toussaint-Louverture's successful slave revolt (1791-94): war with the French (1802-03) and the establishment of Haiti (1804)
  - cSpanish involvement in European wars: the Peninsular War in Spain (1808-14), Napoleon's seizure of the Spanish throne and Creole support of Ferdinand VII
- 2The Spanish South American War of Independence (1810-25), the establishment of the independent Empire of Brazil (1822)
  - aThe struggle for independence in New Granada
    - iInitial phases of the revolt under Miranda and Bolivar (1811-14), military setbacks (1815)
    - iiFinal expulsion of the Spanish from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama (1821); establishment of the Republic of Gran Colombia (1821-29)
  - bEstablishment of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (1813) at Buenos Aires; division of provinces into states of Paraguay, Buenos Aires, and Uruguay (1828)
  - cSan Martin's military support of the Chilean independence movement under O'Higgins (1817-18), the liberation of Peru (1821)
  - dSan Martin's withdrawal and assumption of control by Simon Bolivar, final defeat of Spanish troops (1824), Upper Peru's emergence as independent state of Bolivia (1825) under Sucre
  - eThe Portuguese government in exile in Brazil (1808-22): reforms of King John VI (18 lb- 22), establishment of the independent Empire of Brazil under Pedro I ( 1822)
- 3The Mexican War of Independence (1810-21): Hidalgo's revolt (1810-1 1), social and economic reforms under Morelos (1811-15), Iturbide's leadership (1820-21)
BMexico from independence (1821) through the end of the Revolution (1917)
- 1Mexico from 1821 to 1855
  - aThe independent Mexican Empire under Iturbide (1821-23), Santa Anna and the establishment of the Mexican Republic (1824), the constitution of 1824, Centralist- Federalist struggles
  - bSanta Anna's military career and intermittent terms as president (1833 to 1855): the Alamo (1836); war with U.S. (1846-48) over Texas, New Mexico, and California
- 2Mexico from 1855 to 1876
  - aJuarez and La Reforma: social and economic reforms of the 1857 constitution, anticlericalism, the civil war (1857-60)
  - bFrench intervention (1862) and Emperor Maximilian's puppet rule (1864-67): attempted liberal reforms; loss of conservative support; French withdrawal, defeat of imperial forces, and Maximilian's execution (1867)
  - cRestoration of the republic under Juarez' leadership (1867-72), educational and economic reforms, Lerdo's presidency (1872-76), further separation of church and state
- 3The Porfirio Diaz dictatorship (1876-1911)
  - aDiaz' economic and social policies: maintenance of public order and suppression of dissent, economic development through foreign investment, reconciliation with church, middle-class control of land
  - bEmergence of radical and liberal political clubs (c. 1900): internal unrest; labour strikes; Madero's unsuccessful challenge to Diaz' reelection (1909); armed revolt, Diaz' resignation, and Madero's election (1911)
- 4The Mexican Revolutionary period (1910-17): Fluerta's coup and Madero's execution (1913); Carranza's loose alliance with Pancho Villa, Zapata, and Obregon; civil war; the constitution of 1917; Carranza's election (1917)
CCentral America and the Caribbean to c. 1920
- 1The Central American republics to c. 1920
  - aIndependence from Spain (1821), participation in Mexican Empire (1822-23), federation of United Provinces of Central America ( 1823), armed conflict between Conservatives and Liberals, collapse of the federation (1838)
  - bGuatemala from 1838 to 1920: Carrera's Conservative dictatorship (1838-65), social and economic reforms of Barrios (1873-85) and subsequent Liberal regimes to 1898, Estrada Cabrera's administration (1898-1920)
  - cHonduras from 1838 to 1920: Conservative domination to the 1870s, Aurelio Soto's Liberal regime (1876), return of Conservative control (1885), U.S. investments and military intervention (1912)
  - dEl Salvador to 1930: establishment of the republic (1841), Liberal-Conservative conflicts to 1885, coffee economy, political stability (1899-1930)
  - eNicaragua from 1838 to 1920: Liberal-Conservative conflicts, foreign intervention in the 1850s, stable Conservative governments (1857-93), economic growth, Zelaya's Liberal regime (1893-1909), U.S. military intervention from 1910
  - fCosta Rica from 1838 to 1920: the coffee economy and social stability, Guardia dictatorship (1870-82) and the 1871 constitution, orderly presidential succession after 1890, Rio San Juan dispute with Nicaragua
  - gPanama to 1920: union with Gran Colombia (1821-1903), civil war, U.S. intervention and establishment of Republic of Panama (1903), building of Panama Canal (1904-14), U.S. control of Canal Zone
  - hBritish colonial and U.S. economic interests in, and conflicts over, the Central American region; e.g., in British Honduras
- 2The island states of the Caribbean (c. 1800-1930)
  - aHaiti to 1934: independence in 1804, civil war between the blacks and mulattoes, black hegemony under Christophe (later Henri I, 1806-20), ascendancy of mulattoes under Boyer (1820-43), political instability (1843-1915), U.S. military occupation (1915-34)
  - bThe Dominican Republic to 1930: the struggle for independence (to 1844), despotic regimes (1844-1916), U.S. armed intervention (1916-30)
  - cCuba from 1790 to 1934
    - i19th-century social and economic developments: growth of the sugar industry, the abolition of slavery (1886)
    - iiSpanish suppression of Cuban liberation movement in the Ten Years' War (1868-78), economic relations with United States, the Cuban War of Independence from Spain (1895-98)
    - iiiCuba as a U.S. protectorate until 1934: military occupation (1899-1901), Republic of Cuba (1902), later U.S. occupation (1906-09), dictatorships and the sugar industry
  - dThe remaining European insular and mainland possessions in the Caribbean region from c. 1810 to c. 1920
DThe successor states of Gran Colombia to c. 1930
- 1Venezuela from 1810 to 1935
  - aVenezuelan independence movement (1810-30), national development under Paez (1830-48), Conservative Party rule
  - bMonagas family regime (1848-58) and turmoil between Liberal and Conservative parties to 1870, regime of Guzman Blanco (1870-88)
  - cPolitical instability to 1892, Crespo's regime (1892-96), the Castro (1899-1908) and Gomez (1908-35) dictatorships
- 2Colombia from 1819 to 1930
  - aIndependence (1819), participation in Gran Colombia to 1830, power struggle between Conservative and Liberal parties ( 1840-80), social reforms, anticlericalism
  - bPolitical instability and civil wars (1880s and 1899-1903), loss of Panama (1903), development of coffee industry (1909-28)
EThe Indian nations of the Andes to c. 1930
- 1Ecuador from 1822 to 1925
  - aParticipation in Gran Colombia (1822-30), independent republic (1830), dictatorial regimes to 1845, political instability (1845-60)
  - bClericalism in Garcia Moreno's dictatorship (1860-75), Liberal ascendancy after 1875, Alfaro's administrations (1897-1911), social problems, depression in the 1920s
- 2Peru from 1824 to 1930
  - aEstablishment of republic (1824), power struggle among caudillos (1824-41), temporary union with Bolivia (1836-39), orderly government under Castilla (1845-51 and 1855--62)
  - bSpanish military invasion (1864-69), Pardo's civilian government (1872-76) and economic crises, War of the Pacific (1879-84) and loss of territory to Chile, establishment of Peruvian Corporation (1889)
  - cEconomic and social reforms of Pierola's administration (1895-1908), conflict between Democratic and Civilian parties, Leguia's administrations (1908-12 and 1919-30) and economic development, formation of the Aprista Movement
- 3Bolivia from 1809 to 1930
  - aParticipation in Latin American wars of independence (1810-25), Bolivian independence (1825), Sucre's presidency (1826-28), economic decline
  - bDictatorship of Santa Cruz (1829-39), temporary union with Peru (1836-39), silver-mining boom, War of the Pacific (1879-84) and territorial loss to Chile
  - cConservative Party rule (1880-99), economic growth, the Federal Revolution (1899), Montes' leadership in Liberal Party rule (1899-1920), growth of tin-mining industry, Republican Party coup (1920), economic decline
FChile from 1810 to 1920
- 1Chile from the 1810 establishment of the republic to 1860
  - aThe provisional government (1810-12), return of Spanish rule (1812), defeat of Spanish troops by combined Chilean-Argentinian army (1817)
  - bBernardo O'Higgins as head of state (1817-23): liberal reforms and conservative opposition, O'Higgins' abdication (1823), political instability (1823-30)
  - cThe conservative hegemony (1830-61): the 1833 constitution; political stability and conservative governments under Portales, Ovalle, Prieto, Bulnes, and Montt; economic prosperity; growth of liberal faction
- 2The widening of liberal influence and the growth of political splinter groups (1861-91)
  - aThe "Liberal Republic" under Perez (1861-71) and the liberal-conservative alliance: cultural and economic ties with Great Britain, political conflict over church-state relations ( 1872)
  - bThe War of the Pacific (1879-84) and threatened European intervention: annexation of saltpetre-mining provinces from Peru and Bolivia, civil war and Balmaceda's abdication (1891)
- 3The parliamentary republic (1891-1920): era of legislative supremacy; growth of middle and lower classes; formation of Democratic (1887), Radical (1888), and Socialist (1901 and 1912) parties
GThe successor states of the Rio de la Plata (excluding Bolivia) to c. 1920
- 1Argentina to 1930
  - aEfforts toward reconstruction (1820-29), confederation under Rosas and ascendancy of Buenos Aires (1829-52)
    - iDominance of Buenos Aires: interprovincial rivalries, presidency of Rivadavia (1826-27)
    - iiThe Rosas government (1829-52): domestic politics and foreign policies
  - bPeriod of national consolidation (1852-80), conservative regimes (1880-1916)
    - iThe constitution of 1853 and civil wars (1853-60), government under Mitre (1862-- 68) and his successors
    - iiEconomic development during Roca's administration (1880-86), economic crisis of 1890
    - iiiThe rise of radicalism: growth of social unrest, electoral reform of 1912
  - cThe Radical regimes (1916-30): Irigoyen's presidency (1916-22), continued Radical rule in the 1920s, growth of foreign influence in the economy, military coup (1930)
- 2The Uruguayan struggle for independence and national unity (1811-1929)
  - aIndependence from Spain (1811) and participation in United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (1813-28), establishment of independent Uruguay (1828)
  - bCivil war (1839-51) between Colorado and Blanco political parties, participation in war against Paraguay (1865-70), military rule (1875-90)
  - cCivilian rule and continued political crises and insurrections (1890-1904), Peace of Acequa ( 1904) and return to orderly government, social and economic reforms, economic boom during World War I
- 3Paraguay from 1810 to 1924
  - aIndependence from Spain (1811), struggle with Buenos Aires for autonomy, establishment of independent Paraguay (1813)
  - bIsolationism during Rodriguez Francia's dictatorship (181 4-40), encouragement of foreign trade during Carlos Antonio Lopez' dictatorship (1841-62)
  - cFrancisco Solano Lopez' regime (1862-70): loss of territory after war with Brazil and Argentina (1864-70), political instability after 1870
HBrazil from the establishment of the empire to the fall of the First Republic (1822-1930)
- 1The independent Empire of Brazil (1822-89)
  - aThe empire under Pedro I (1822-31): the constitution of 1824, Pedro's abdication (1831), internal disunity during the regency (1831-40)
  - bThe empire under Pedro II (1840-89): intervention in Uruguayan affairs and war with Paraguay (1864-70); cessation of slave trade (1853), gradual emancipation, and abolition of slavery (1888)
- 2Brazil during the First Republic (1889-1930)
  - aThe constitution of 1891 and social reforms, military dictatorships (1891-94), civilian governments (1894-1914)