Part Nine IX › Division VI VI › Section 965 965

Development of the United States and Canada from 1763 to 1920

Subject Outline

AThe United States to 1865: national formation and territorial expansion, conflict between North and South
- 1Establishment and consolidation of the United States (1763-1816)
  - aThe American Revolutionary period (1763-87)
    - iPolitical and economic opposition to Britain's taxation policies culminating in the Declaration of Independence (1776)
    - iiThe U.S. War of Independence (1775-83): land and sea campaigns, military leadership, French military support, peace treaty (1783)
    - iiiThe government of the Articles of Confederation (1781-87) and evolution of a western lands policy
  - bThe strengthening of the national government (1787-1816)
    - iThe Constitutional Convention, the federal Constitution, and the struggle for ratification (1787-89)
    - iiDevelopment of national policies and formation of political parties: Hamilton's economic policies, foreign relations during the administrations of Washington and John Adams, Federalists and Democratic- Republicans
    - iiiJefferson's administration and the Louisiana Purchase (1803), Madison's administration and the War of 1812, role of the Supreme Court
- 2The United States from 1816 to 1850: nationalism, expansionism, extension of the franchise, and industrialization
  - aStrengthening of national feelings: administrations of Monroe and John Quincy Adams, Supreme Court under Marshall
    - i"The Era of Good Feelings" (1816-24): nationalism and sectionalism, the Missouri Compromise (1820)
    - iiDevelopments in commerce and finance: industrialization and early labour movements, transportation and internal improvements, cotton and slavery
    - iiiSocial development: German and Irish immigration (1830-50), urbanization and social mobility
  - bJacksonian democracy (1829-41): extension of the franchise; development of Democratic, Whig, and minor party politics; bank war; nullification; Indian removal policy
  - cThe "Age of Reform" (1830-50): the Abolitionist movement and other reform activities, diverse religious attitudes
  - dWestward expansionism: annexation of Texas, acquisition of Oregon, the Mexican War (1846-48) and the annexation of California and New Mexico, the Compromise of 1850
  - eCultural development to 1850: the growth of the novel, poetry, music, the visual arts, historical writings, the Transcendentalist movement
- 3The United States from 1850 to 1865: sectionalism, secession, and Civil War
  - aSectionalism and slavery: economic and psychological bases of slavery, the failure of popular sovereignty, the Abolitionist movement, literature of the period
  - bPolitical and geographical polarization: disruption of the Democratic and Whig parties, emergence of the Republican Party, and Lincoln's election (1860)
  - cSecession of the Southern states and the Civil War (1860-65)
    - iRelative military strengths: strategies and tactics of North and South
    - iiThe land and sea war (1861-65): initial Confederate victories, Union success in the West and final victory over the South
    - iiiForeign affairs of the Union and the Confederacy, moves toward emancipation during the war
BThe United States from 1865 to 1920: Reconstruction, industrialization, increased immigration, development of the West, and emergence as a world power
- 1Radical Reconstruction (1866-77) and the New South (1877-1900)
  - aLincoln's plan for Reconstruction and congressional opposition (1864-65), conflicts between the Radical Republican-controlled Congress and Andrew Johnson, state "Black Codes" and federal civil rights legislation
  - bReconstruction (1866-77): freedmen, sharecropping, and "Black Reconstruction"; Grant's administrations and the decline of Republican control in the South
  - cThe New South (1877-1900): conservative Democrats in control and erosion of black rights, Populist resurgence in the 1890s, white supremacy and Jim Crow legislation, the black response
- 2The transformation of American society: the United States from 1865 to 1900
  - aUrbanization and immigration: southern and eastern European immigrants and growth of slums, problems of prejudice, rise of city machine politics, development of public education
  - bThe development of the West (1865-1900)
    - iThe quest for gold and silver: boom and bust in mining towns
    - iiCattlemen and the open range: the cattle industry (1866-88), the cowboy and cattle drives, conflicts with settlers
    - iiiWestward expansion of the railroads: early government subsidies, relationship of the transcontinental carriers to the national economy
    - ivViolation of the Indian treaties: settlers' encroachments on Indian lands, Indian wars, corruption among agents of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
  - cThe industrialization of the American economy: the manufacturing boom
    - iTechnological advances in the iron and steel industry; exploitation of oil, ores, lumber, and other natural resources
    - iiDevelopment of trusts and holding companies: development of a legal climate favourable to big business
  - dU.S. foreign trade and commerce: growth of exports and imports
  - eEmergence of national labour union organizations: strikes and boycotts, collective bargaining, antilabour stance of government, the Haymarket Riot (1886)
  - fNational politics (1877-1900): general ascendancy of Congress and decline of the presidency
    - iAftermath of the disputed election of 1876: the Compromise of 1877, the end of Southern Reconstruction, and Hayes's administration (1877-81); inflation and the silver issue
    - iiThe election of 1880 and the presidency of Garfield: Garfield's assassination (1881), Arthur's administration (1881-85), establishment of the Civil Service Commission (1883)
    - iiiThe election of 1884 and Cleveland's first administration (1885-89): the reemergence of presidential leadership, the Treasury surplus and tariff issues, the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and federal regulation of railroads
    - ivThe election of 1888 and Benjamin Harrison's administration (1889-93): congressional leadership, the Sherman Anti-Trust and Sherman Silver Purchase acts, and the McKinley Tariff Act (1890)
    - vDepressed agricultural conditions (1887-97): the Farmers' Alliances and the establishment of the Populist Party (1891), farmers' defection from Republican Party
    - viThe election of 1892 and Cleveland's second administration (1893-97): gold reserves and the Panic of 1893, repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1893), lowering of the tariff
    - viiThe election of 1896 and McKinley's administration (1897-1901): the raising of the tariff (1897) and the Gold Standard Act (1900), gradual economic recovery
- 3Imperialism, the Progressive Era, and the rise to world power (1896-1920)
  - aThe emergence of the U.S. as an imperial power
    - iThe Spanish-American War and U.S. suzerainty over Cuba; acquisition of the Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands, and Puerto Rico (1898)
    - iiThe "Open Door" policy and armed intervention in China (1900)
    - iiiAcquisition of the Panama Canal Zone (1903) and the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: intervention in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Nicaragua
  - bThe Progressive Movement (c. 1896-1920)
    - iScholars, social workers, and "muckrakers" as leaders of the Progressive Movement; social and political urban reforms by state government
    - iiTheodore Roosevelt's administrations (1901-09) and expansion of presidential power and regulatory legislation, Taft's administration (1909-13) and the defection of Progressive Republicans in the 1912 election
    - iiiWilson's first administration (1913-17): tariff, currency, credit, tax, and labour reforms; intervention in Mexican affairs
  - cThe role of the U.S. in World War I
    - iInitial U.S. neutrality: loans and supplies to the Allies, submarine warfare and the break with Germany
    - iiU.S. entry into the war: mobilization of manpower and the economy, decisive effect of U.S. military forces on the Western Front (1918)
    - iiiWilson's policies at the Paris Peace Conference (1919) and the U.S. Senate rejection of the Treaty of Versailles (1920), the election of 1920 and the return to isolationism
- 4Cultural developments from 1865 to 1920
  - aAdvances in fiction, poetry, drama, music, and the visual arts
  - bDevelopments in education and historical writings, growth of American philosophy
CCanada under British colonial rule from 1763 to 1867, the Dominion of Canada from 1867 to 1920
- 1British colonial administration: the Quebec Acts of 1763 and 1774, immigration of United Empire Loyalists after U.S. War of Independence, establishment of French- and English-speaking provinces
- 2Social, political, and economic development from 1790 to 1850
  - aImmigration, westward expansion, and the fur trade; participation in the War of 1812
  - bDissension between French and English settlers: the rebellions of 1837, the Union of Upper and Lower Canada (1841), self-government for domestic affairs (1848)
- 3The Dominion of Canada from 1867 to 1920
  - aThe Confederation movement and the establishment of the Dominion (1867)
  - bWestward expansion and internal disunity
    - iLouis Riel and the first Metis-Indian rebellion (1870), establishment of the provinces of Manitoba and British Columbia
    - iiThe transcontinental railroad, suppression of the second Metis-Indian rebellion (1885), economic depression and downfall of the Conservative government (1896)
  - cLiberal governments under Laurier and economic prosperity (1896-191 1)
    - iThe Klondike gold rush (1897) and the settlement of the Northwest Territories, creation of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan (1905)
    - iiInvolvement in Britain's imperialist policies: participation in South African War (1899), border disputes with the United States