Part Nine IX › Division VI VI › Section 962 962

Eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa from c. 1480

Subject Outline

AThe Christian states of eastern Europe
- 1Poland-Lithuania (1492-1795): gradual weakening of the monarchy, decline and dismemberment of the state
  - aThe Golden Age of the Polish-Lithuanian empire (1492-1572)
    - iForeign relations: Ottoman invasions, Russian invasion of Lithuania, alliance with Turks (1533) and reestablishment of Polish security, renewed Russian aggression
    - iiDomestic developments: population movements, constitutional reform, prosperous foreign trade, exploitation of the peasantry and their reduction to serfdom, effects of the Renaissance and the Reformation
  - bEstablishment of the royal republic (1572-1648)
    - iThe Interregnum (1572-75) and reform of the monarchy: Stephen Bathory (1576-- 86) and Sigismund III Vasa (1587-1632), indecisive wars with Sweden for possession of the Baltic region
    - iiWladyslaw IV Vasa (1632-48): the Cossack revolt, economic prosperity, increased power of the nobility, effect of the Counter-Reformation
  - cThe period of wars and disintegration (1648-97): the Cossack-Russian and Swedish invasions in the reign of John II Casimir (1648-68), loss of Ducal Prussia to Brandenburg (1657), Michael Wisniowiecki (1669-73), John III Sobieski's (1674-96) victories over the Turks
  - dThe Saxonian era, the Russian Protectorate, and the partitions of Poland among Russia, Prussia, and Austria
    - iThe reigns of Augustus II (1697-1733) and Augustus III (1733-63): participation in the Great Northern War, relations with Prussia, the Seven Years' War (1756-63)
    - iiThe reign of Stanislaw II August Poniatowski (1764-95): the Confederation of Bar, reform, the partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795)
- 2Hungary: the Jagiellon kings (1490-1526) and the partition period (1526-1699)
  - aThe peasant revolt (1514), defeat by the Ottoman Turks at Battle of Mohacs (1526)
  - bDivision into Ottoman and Habsburg sectors in the 16th century, the spread of Protestantism, the Fifteen Years' War, the rise of Transylvania, defeat of the Turks (1686) and subjection of all Hungary to the Habsburgs in 1699
- 3Emergence of the Russian Empire (c. 1500-1796)
  - aExtension of Muscovite control over Russia under Vasily III (1505-33), Ivan IV the Terrible (1533-84), and Boris Godunov (1598-1605); civil revolt in the Time of Troubles (1598-- 1613)
  - bThe Romanov Muscovy: election of Michael Romanov as tsar (1613) and continued autocracy under his successors, expansion into the Ukraine, 17th-century cultural and religious life
  - cThe beginning of westernization and further expansion under Peter I the Great (1689-1725): the Petrine state
    - iThe Table of Ranks and the new nobility: reform of the clerical hierarchy, urban legislation, building of St. Petersburg, conquest of the Baltic provinces
    - iiDevelopment of Russia's status as a European power in Peter's reign: westernization of its culture
    - iiiPeter I's weak successors: Anna (1730-40) and Elizabeth (1741-62)
  - dFurther westernization and expansion under Catherine II the Great (1762-96): partitions of Poland and successful wars against the Ottoman Empire
  - eEducation and social change in the 18th century: the impact of the Enlightenment
BThe Islamic states of eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa
- 1The Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1807, Morocco from 1459 to 1830
  - aThe Ottoman Empire as the dominant power of Southwest Asia and southeastern Europe (1481-1566)
    - iConsolidation of the empire in the reign of Bayezid II (1481-1512), Selim Fs (1512- 20) successes against Iran and seizure of Syria and Egypt, Suleyman I's ( 1520-66) conflicts with the Habsburgs in Hungary and annexation of Iraq
    - iiClassical Ottoman society and administration: the class structure, the mukatda, religious and civil law
  - bDecline of the Ottoman Empire (1566-1807): corruption and nepotism
    - iForeign relations: conflicts with the Russians, Austrians, and Iranians
    - iiAttempts at reform in government administration; defeats by Poles, Habsburgs, and Russians
  - cImperial disintegration in the 18th and early 19th centuries: westernization and rise of local rulers
  - dMorocco: disunity after the fall of the Marinid dynasty, the anti-Portuguese policy of the Sa'di of Marrakesh, increasing isolation under the 'Alawl dynasty (1659-1830)
- 2Iran and Afghanistan
  - aIran from c. 1500 to 1779
    - iThe rise of the Shl'ite Safavid dynasty: conflict with the Turks, possession of western Afghanistan, disintegration and later restoration of the state by 'Abbas I ( 1587-- 1629), relations with European powers, decline and foreign invasions in the later 17th century, the arts under the Safavids
    - iiThe expulsion (1730-32) of the Afghans, Russians, and Turks by Nadir Shah; invasions of India and Turkistan (1738-39); attempts to unite Shl'ite and Sunni Muslims; establishment of Zand and Qajar dynasties