Part Ten X › Division III III › Section 10/35 10/35

Medicine and Affiliated Disciplines

Subject Outline

AHistory of medicine and surgery
- 1Early medicine: Western medicine before 1800, Oriental medicine before c. 1900
  - aThe medicine of prehistoric peoples
  - bThe practice of medicine among the Babylonians, the ancient Egyptians, and the Hebrews
  - cMedicine and surgery in the Orient: the beginning of systematized medicine
    - iMedicine in India: the Vedic and Brahmanistic heritage, the influence of religious and magical beliefs, surgical practices
    - iiMedicine in China: the influence of the cosmic theory of Yin and Yang; the use of herbals, drugs, and acupuncture
    - iiiMedicine in Japan: assimilation of Chinese and European practices
  - dThe beginning of systematic medicine in the Greco-Roman world
    - iEarly influences: mythological beliefs, the investigations and theories of early philosophers
    - iiThe work of Hippocrates: theories on the nature and treatment of disease, the charter of medical conduct
    - iiiThe spread of Greek teachings to Rome: the acceptance of Galen as a medical authority
  - eMedicine from the fall of Rome through the Middle Ages
    - iReservoirs of medical learning: the role of medieval monasteries in preserving the medical heritage of Greece and Rome, contributions of Arabian medicine
    - iiEstablishment of the first organized medical school at Salerno
  - fMedicine in the Renaissance
    - iImprovements in anatomical theory and surgery
    - iiThe control of medical practice in Britain
    - iiiThe work of Paracelsus and Fracastoro
  - gMedicine in the 17th century
    - iDiscoveries concerning the circulation of the blood: use of the experimental method, importance of the microscope to medical studies
    - iiThe iatrochemical and iatrophysical theories: the view of life as a series of chemical processes versus the view of life as a mechanism governed by physical laws
  - hMedicine in the 18th century
    - iGenesis of the medical school and the hospital
    - iiThe beginning of medical specialties: emergence of surgery, obstetrics, and pathology as separate disciplines
    - iiiImprovement in techniques of vaccination and in the treatment of disease: the rise and decline of systems of animism and mesmerism
- 2The rise of scientific medicine in the 19th century
  - aNew doctrines, laws, and concepts; e.g., the cell and cellular pathology, natural selection, homeostasis, pathogenesis, the Mendelian laws
  - bFurther advances in physiology
  - cEstablishment of bacteriology: verification of the germ theory, the identification of disease-producing organisms, the introduction of antisepsis
  - dThe discovery and use of anesthesia
  - eOther advances: the discovery of the transmission of disease by insects, initial measures to control typhoid, the discovery of X-rays, the development of the ophthalmoscope and the stethoscope
- 3Medicine in the 20th century
  - aAdvances in chemotherapy: the discovery, development, and use of antibiotics and synthetic drugs in the treatment of bacterial diseases
  - bAdvances in immunology
    - iImprovements in vaccines that control bacterial diseases; e.g., typhoid, diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis
    - iiThe introduction and use of vaccines to control viral diseases; e.g., yellow fever, influenza, poliomyelitis, measles
  - cDevelopments in endocrinology: the discovery of insulin and the control of diabetes, the use of cortisone as an anti-inflammatory agent, the study and use of sex hormones
  - dAdvances in other fields
    - iNutrition: the treatment of deficiency diseases through the discovery and identification of vitamins
    - iiCancer research: the treatment of abnormal cell growths through the application of various therapies
    - iiiTropical medicine: the treatment of yellow fever, malaria, and leprosy through the discovery and application of synthetic organic compounds derived from quinine and other sources; the application of insecticides to control malaria and yellow fever
    - ivMedical technology and biomedical instrumentation: the use of electronic devices to monitor physiological processes, to conduct automatic laboratory analyses, and to perform other diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
- 4Surgery in the 20th century
  - aThe state of surgery prior to 1900: the importance of antisepsis, asepsis, and anesthesia to the development of modem surgery
  - bThe emergence of surgical specialties: the development of new surgical and diagnostic techniques
  - cImprovements in the treatment of wounds; e.g., the development of plastic surgery, postsurgical rehabilitation
  - dThe use of blood transfusions and other intravenous techniques to reduce shock, treat fluid loss, and restore electrolyte balance
  - eThe introduction of inhalation anesthetic procedures; e.g., improvements in thoracic surgery
BFields of specialized medical practice or research
- 1Hospital residency specialties
  - aRadiology
  - bSurgery [see also 423.C.2.a ]
  - cObstetrics and gynecology [see also 423.F.6.]
  - dUrology [see also 423.F.7.]
  - eOphthalmology and otolaryngology [see also 423.F.9.f. and g.]
  - fNeurology [see also 423.F.9.]
  - gPsychiatry
  - hOther hospital specialties; e.g., anesthesiology, pathology
- 2Other clinical specialties
  - aAerospace medicine
  - bMedical jurisprudence
  - cOccupational medicine
  - dPublic health
  - eEndocrinology
  - fImmunology
  - gToxicology
  - hTropical medicine
- 3Nonclinical specialties and the basic medical sciences: medical physiology and pathological physiology, nutrition, pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, gerontology
- 4Ancillary medical disciplines: cytotechnology, medical records, medical technology, X-ray technology
CDisciplines affiliated with medicine
- 1History and practice of dentistry
- 2History and practice of osteopathy
- 3History and practice of nursing