Part Nine IX › Division II II › Section 924 924

The Crusading Movement, the Islamic States of Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe, and the States of Eastern Christendom from c. 1050 to c. 1480

Subject Outline

AThe expansion of western Europe in the crusading movement and the Muslim response, the states of Eastern Christendom and the crusader states from c. 1050 to c. 1480
- 1The crusading era and the states of Eastern Christendom (c. 1050-c. 1480)
  - aThe First Crusade (1096-99) and the establishment of the Latin states
    - iBackground of the First Crusade: overcrowding in Christian Latin Europe and the wish of the church to divert the violence between Christians to an attack on the infidels, religious renewal in Europe, disruption of the pilgrimage routes by the Muslims, role of papal leadership at the Council of Clermont (1095), preparations for the Crusade and its participants
    - iiThe sieges of Antioch (1097-98) and Jerusalem (1099): establishment of the crusader states
  - bThe Second (1147-48) and Third (1188-92) crusades: Christian colonization in the East and export of feudalism, the crusader states to 1187, the institutions of the First Kingdom, the magnates of the Third Crusade
  - cThe Byzantine Empire from 1081 to 1204, policies aimed at revival implemented by Comnenus dynasty
    - iAlexius I Comnenus and the First Crusade: pressures from the Seljuqs and Pechenegs
    - iiThe later Comneni and fluctuating relations with the Venetians, Normans, and crusaders
    - iiiThe Fourth Crusade ( 1202-04) and the establishment of the Latin empire
  - dThe later crusades: decline of the crusading movement and of the Latin enclaves, results of the crusades
    - iThe Latin East after the Third Crusade: the Fifth (1218-21) and Sixth (1227-29) crusades; oriental politics of Emperor Frederick II
    - iiThe crusades of Louis IX of France (1248-50, 1270), final loss of the crusader states, Kingdom of Cyprus; survival of the spirit of the crusades among Latin Christians
  - eRussia (1054-1300): the lands of Rus and the rise of new centres (e.g., Novgorod, Vladimir, Galicia), the Mongol invasion (1223) and Tatar rule
  - fThe Second Bulgarian Empire under the Asenid dynasty from c. 1185, decline after 1241
- 2The Slavic states of Eastern Christendom from c. 1300 to c. 1500
  - aRussia: the rise of the Muscovite state under the suzerainty of the Golden Horde and its later successful revolt (1380), expansion and establishment of Moscow as the leading Russian power under Tsar Ivan III (1462-1505), foreign policy
  - bThe Balkans: growing strength of Serbia vis-a-vis the Byzantine and Bulgarian empires; subjugation of Albania, Macedonia, and Bulgaria under Stefan Dusan in the 14th century; Romania; subjection to the Ottoman Turks by 1453
- 3Restoration of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaeologus dynasty (1261), efforts to restore Byzantine power in the Balkans, foreign relations, cultural life
  - aMichael VIII (1261-82) and attempts to revive the empire, threats from the West, relations with the papacy
  - bThe successors of Michael VIII: cultural revival, civil wars
  - cTurkish expansion, limited recovery by the Byzantine Empire before the final Turkish assault, the fall of Constantinople (1453)
BThe Islamic states of Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe (c. 1050-c. 1480): Turkish and Kurdish dynasties, the Mongol invasions, and the rise of the Ottoman Empire
- 1Southwest Asia before the Mongol invasions
  - aThe Great Seljuq Empire in Syria, Iraq, and Iran (c. 1050-c. 1190)
    - iOrigins and conversion of the Seljuqs to Islam and their establishment in Khorasan (c. 1000) under Mahmud of Ghazna, the foundation of the Seljuq state under Toghril Beg (1038-63), his conquest of Iran and Iraq and establishment of a protectorate over the 'Abbasid caliphate
    - iiExtension of Seljuq hegemony into Syria and Palestine and victory over the Byzantines, partition and partial breakup of the empire after 1092, Seljuq restoration of Sunni supremacy and patronage of the Iranian cultural revival
  - bGreat Seljuq successor states (c. 1100-c. 1250): the Zangid atabegs in Syria and northern Iraq, the Isma'ili Assassins in Iran and Syria (c. 1090-c. 1250), the Khwarezm shahs of Iran and Central Asia (1097-1234), other dynasties
  - cThe foundation of the independent sultanate of Rum from territory conquered from Byzantium in Anatolia (from 1071), commercial prosperity and territorial expansion in the 13th century, the Turkish Danishmendid state in northern Anatolia (c. 1071-1177) and its absorption by the Seljuqs
- 2The Mongolian invasions of eastern Europe and Southwest Asia in the 13th century
- 3Southwest Asia and eastern Europe after the Mongolian invasions
  - aMongol successor states (c. 1250-c. 1480)
    - iThe Mongolian Il-Khans in Iraq and Iran (c. 1250-1353): trade, administration, and eventual conversion to Islam; the Timurids and other Il-Khan successor states
    - iiThe khanate of the Golden Horde in eastern Europe (from 1240): adoption of Islam, gradual absorption of the Mongols into the Turkish ulus to form the Tatar people, the zenith of the empire in the early 14th century, Timur's invasion (1395) and its later partition
  - bTurkish Anatolia and the rise of the Ottoman Empire to 1481
    - iOrigins and expansion of the Ottoman state (c. 1300-1402): its expansion in Anatolia and conquest of Serbia and Bulgaria in the 14th century, defeat by Timur (1402), restoration of the empire and beginning of the Ottoman challenge to the European states by the invasion of Hungary (1434), conquest of Constantinople (1453) and conquest of Anatolia
    - iiDevelopment of Ottoman administrative and military institutions
- 4North Africa and Muslim Spain (c. 1050-c. 1490)
  - aThe decline of the Fatimids (c. 1050-1171) in the face of Seljuq and crusader invasions
  - bThe Ayyubids and Mamluks in Egypt and Syria (1171 -c. 1500)
    - iEstablishment of the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and expansion of its control over Muslim Syria under Saladin (1171-93): conflict with the crusader states, pacific policies of his successors
    - iiDisplacement of the Ayyubids by the Turkish Mamluks in 1250, the Bahri Mamluks' resistance to the Mongols and extension of European power in Syria under Qutuz and Baybars I (1260-77), their displacement by the Burji Mamluks in 1382, Mamluk administration and military institutions, the continued maintenance of Sunni orthodoxy
  - cThe Berber Almoravid and Almohad empires in northwest Africa and Spain (1056-1269)
    - iAlmoravid origins as a religious reform federation in the western Sudan, conquest of Morocco and western Algeria under Abu Bakr and Yusuf ibn Tashfin (1062--92), the latter's intervention in Spain against the expanding Christian states, Almoravid conquest of Muslim Spain (1090--91), weakness and decline in the face of the renewal of the Reconquista and the Almohad revolt in North Africa (c. 1123)
    - iiThe Almohad religious reform movement under the Berber Muhammad ibn Tumart (d. 1130) and the extension of Almohad control over Muslim Spain (capital at Seville) and the Maghrib (1145-72), initial containment of the Reconquista and later disintegration of the empire in Spain after 1212, subsequent eclipse in the Maghrib, Almohad patronage of philosophy and the arts
  - dThe late medieval dynasties of North Africa (13th-15th century): political and cultural developments
    - iThe Hafsids in Tunisia, the 'Abd al-Wadid kingdom of Tilimsan, the Marinids in eastern Morocco and their problems with the Arabs, political life, and the Nasrid kingdom of Granada; religious, intellectual, and artistic life: Sufism, literary and artistic influences from Muslim Spain